Since hypokalemia is a major issue in severe COVID-19 patients (Lippi et al., 2020), amiloride with its potassium-sparing diuretic activity (Bull and Laragh, 1968) can potentially be used to restore normal serum potassium concentrations (Maronde et al., 1983). K+ Channels Regulate ENaC Expression via Changes in Promoter Activity and Control Fluid Clearance in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Involvement of Lung Interstitial Proteoglycans in Development of Hydraulic- and Elastase-Induced Edema. Front. Circulation 96 (6), 18471852. 289 (1), L104L110. Careers. Sci. Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Patients Infected with 2019-New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Review and Perspective. Immune responses to COVID-19 vaccinations may trigger acute exacerbations in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis among susceptible patients, according to data published in the American Journal of. 102 (8), 966974. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is also a risk factor for severe COVID-19 which can be observed in the CT scans of COVID-19 patients (Xu et al., 2020; George et al., 2020). Multiple TCMs have been already clinical applied for COVID-19 in China and achieved high recovery rate. Circulation 37 (1), 4553. Is Amiloride a Promising Cardiovascular Medication to Persist in the COVID-19 Crisis?. (2020). Res. It was observed that the expression of ENaC and Na+/K+-ATPase in primary alveolar type II cells from rat lungs increased responding to terbutaline (Minakata et al., 1998). Immune-modulatory agents for COVID-19 include tocilizumab, human immunoglobulin and the convalescent plasma. There are multiple potential mechanisms leading to pulmonary edema in severe Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) patients and understanding of those mechanisms may enable proper management of this condition. Direct Vascular Effects of Furosemide in Humans. 46 (2), 208214. Acta (Bba) - Gen. J. Cel Physiol 234 (11), 2005720065. Treatment of 5 Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 with Convalescent Plasma. Original Article Antibody Responses to Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccines in Men with Human . Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels: a Clinical Perspective. Intensive Care Med. In early April 2021, an 86-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a 1-day history of weakness, dyspnoea and fever. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.002, Chen, S.-y., Bhargava, A., Mastroberardino, L., Meijer, O. C., Wang, J., Buse, P., et al. Elevated pulmonary venous pressure leads to faster fluid infiltration into the interstitial lung than the ability of the pulmonary lymphatic vessel to drain away fluid, resulting in pulmonary edema. Sci. Proc. (Imai et al., 2007; Zhang and Baker, 2017). It shows the vaccine is teaching your body's immune system how to protect itself from the disease. Among all vaccine recipients, 66.6% reported at least one systemic reaction in the 7 days after vaccination. Pharmacol. Life Sci. Theaflavin from black tea was found to present a lower binding energy when it docks in the catalytic pocket of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. (2021). LipoxinA4 Attenuates Acute Pancreatitis-Associated Acute Lung Injury by Regulating AQP-5 and MMP-9 Expression, Anti-apoptosis and PKC/SSeCKS-mediated F-Actin Activation. The -Agonist Lung Injury Trial (Balti). Association between Early Treatment with Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Favorable Clinical Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study. (2020). 33, 258269. Additionally, other major ADRs were potentially linked to the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, including central nervous system thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism [3-5]. Br. Eur. (2020). -, Achanta S., Jordt S. E. (2020). Pharmacol. doi:10.1111/joim.13091, Passi, A., Negrini, D., Albertini, R., de Luca, G., and Miserocchi, G. (1998). TRPs are essential for the respiratory system and pulmonary edema, in which TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV4 are the most important. Res. It promotes the clearance of surplus fluid in alveoli and keeps alveolar space dry (Wittekindt and Dietl, 2019). Large Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels Sense Acute Changes in Oxygen Tension in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. 318 (4), L723L741. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.038, Keywords: COVID-19, pulmonary edema, abnormal lung humoral metabolism, syndrome coronavirus 2, drug, traditional Chinese medicine, Citation: Cui X, Chen W, Zhou H, Gong Y, Zhu B, Lv X, Guo H, Duan J, Zhou J, Marcon E and Ma H (2021) Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and Treatment Potential. After getting vaccinated for COVID-19, you might experience some temporary symptoms similar to those you might notice when you get a flu shot, such as a sore, swollen arm where you got the shot. Therefore, the S protein determines the host cell of the virus, regulates the viral attachment and fusion with the host cell membrane, and promotes cellular invasion. COVID-DSNet: A novel deep convolutional neural network for detection of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) cases from CT and Chest X-Ray images. Role of Drugs Used for Chronic Disease Management on Susceptibility and Severity of COVID19: A Large CaseControl Study. 2023 Apr;201(2):159-170. doi: 10.1007/s00408-023-00615-9. (2018). doi:10.1182/blood.2020006000, Couto, M., de Diego, A., Perpii, M., Delgado, L., and Moreira, A. Natural compounds can inhibit the binding between the virus and the ACE2 receptor of host cells. (2018). (2008). CD44-dependent Intracellular and Extracellular Catabolism of Hyaluronic Acid by Hyaluronidase-1 and -2. Annu. Although NT-proBNP had an AUC of 0.89 in our patients with acute pulmonary edema, the study that reported an AUC of 0.96 did not include acute pulmonary edema or acute heart failure , and they excluded patients with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2, a group that constituted nearly half of our patients with hypertensive emergency. 23 (5), 289301. Acad. doi:10.3969/j.issn.10065725.2019.19.008, Rasaeifar, B., Gomez-Gutierrez, P., and Perez, J. J. Pharmacol. Sci. (2021). Effect and Mechanism of Astragaloside A on Acute Respiratory Failure in Rats. Drug Discov. 313 (5), L845L858. Treatment of Pulmonary Edema by ENaC Activators/Stimulators. When there, the virus itself and virus-mediated protein-protein interactions lead to the lung inflammatory storm responsible for the observed increasing vascular permeability in lung and pulmonary edema (Tang et al., 2020). Trav. The most common COVID-19 vaccine side effects include local injection site pain, fever, chills, myalgias, headache and fatigue, with resolution usually in a few days ( 1, 2 ). Indeed, in several preclinical studies, selective TRPV4 inhibition showed efficacy in preventing or attenuating lung edema (Thorneloe et al., 2012). 8600 Rockville Pike B., and Matthay, M. A. Resolving D1 (Wang et al., 2014), generated from -3 fatty docosahexaenoic acids, and ursodeoxycholic acid (Niu et al., 2019) can stimulate AFC and Na-K-ATPase in LPS-induced pulmonary edema via alveolar epithelial sodium channel and ALX/cAMP/PI3K pathway, respectively. Pharmacol. Am. After internal reviews of the reports, the CDC "did not find any data suggesting a link between Covid-19 vaccines and tinnitus," an agency . As Towne et al., (2001) reported, AQP-5 expression significantly declined during pulmonary inflammation and edema, and TNF- decreased AQP5 mRNA and protein expression levels via TNFR1 and NF-B pathway (Towne et al., 2001). Recently, several companies came out with vaccines against COVID-19 which have been approved for use. doi:10.3390/v4040557, Ho, T., Wu, S., Chen, J., Li, C., and Hsiang, C. (2007). 308 (11), L1136L1144. (2011). medRxiv. (2008). Allergol. Neurosci. Proc. Wiersinga, W. J., Rhodes, A., Cheng, A. C., Peacock, S. J., and Prescott, H. C. (2020). Purpose To investigate pulmonary vascular abnormalities at CT pulmonary angiography (CT-PE) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Most of the published data about this association come from case reports and series. B., et al. Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), present in human lungs, kidneys and other organs, plays a vital role in lung fluid clearance (Figure 4 Mechanism of inhibiting ENaC inducing pulmonary edema) (Matthay et al., 2002). Cause of COVID-19 pulmonary edema. Limmer A, Engler A, Kattner S, Gregorius J, Pattberg KT, Schulz R, Schwab J, Roth J, Vogl T, Krawczyk A, Witzke O, Zelinskyy G, Dittmer U, Brenner T, Berger MM. Atractylenolide I Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in RAW264.7 Cells. 181 (1), 5361. Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2. Int. Virol. (2020). The functional inhibition of relevant lung enzymes and ion channels may disturb AFC, thus resulting pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients. Physiol. FIGURE 4. doi:10.7150/ijbs.45538, Yang, Y., Shen, C., Li, J., Yuan, J., Yang, M., Wang, F., et al. doi:10.1001/jama.249.2.237, Matalon, S. (1999). doi:10.1165/rcmb.2002-0101OC, Kaneko, Y., and Szallasi, A. Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). J. Respir. 2020 Aug 14;15(1):103. doi: 10.1186/s13000-020-01017-8. Sharma, A., Garcia, G., Wang, Y., Plummer, J. T., Morizono, K., Arumugaswami, V., et al. Ion channels, AQPs, RAS, bradykinin and hyaluronic acid are factors influencing the pulmonary edema. Some natural compounds along with their antiviral and reducing pulmonary edema mechanisms are shown in Table 2. Summary of potential TCM formulae against COVID-19. Cepharanthine: a Review of the Antiviral Potential of a Japanese-approved Alopecia Drug in COVID-19. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4-Mediated Disruption of the Alveolar Septal Barrier. Extensive studies have been conducted to identify the antiviral and pulmonary edema reducing efficacy of natural compounds, some of which have already been tested specifically against SARS-CoV and SARS-COV-2. Emodin Blocks the SARS Coronavirus Spike Protein and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Interaction. The Clinical Benefits of Chinese Patent Medicines against COVID-19 Based on Current Evidence. Mechanism of inhibiting ENaC inducing pulmonary edema. Nat. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00085.2001, Ito, Y., Correll, K., Zemans, R. L., Leslie, C. C., Murphy, R. C., and Mason, R. J. (2007). Dexmedetomidine can upregulate AQP-1 and AQP-5 expression in rats with acute lung injury induced by LPS and thus induce pulmonary edema (Jiang et al., 2015). - Eur. J. Nat. The Liu Shen capsule, of which pharmacodynamic component is also toad venom, was shown to have antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, as it can inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells, reduce inflammatory cytokines production at the mRNA levels and suppress the NF-B signaling pathway to downregulate the expression of cytokines (Ma et al., 2020a). For patients recovering from COVID-19 who have persistent, progressive, or new respiratory symptoms, we obtain PFTs including spirometry, lung volumes, and diffusion capacity. Thus, promoting the degradation of HA may be significant in the recovery process. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version. With treatment, most people with this type of pulmonary edema recover in about 24 hours. Impaired Breakdown of Bradykinin and its Metabolites as a Possible Cause for Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Infection. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. COVID-19 mortality is primarily driven by abnormal alveolar fluid metabolism of the lung, leading to fluid accumulation in the alveolar airspace. Arek Sarkissian. Therefore, severe infections, which are induced by influenza virus, target the distal lung epithelial cells, inhibit the ENaC via activating protein kinase C (Kunzelmann et al., 2000), and damage the pulmonary surfactant (Hofer et al., 2015; Ito et al., 2015; Woods et al., 2015). Xue-Bi-Jing injection may act in COVID-19 by anti-inflammatory, anticoagulation, immune regulation, vascular endothelial protection, anti-oxidative stress and other mechanisms (Li et al., 2021). Clinical and Computed Tomographic Imaging Features of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 invasion leads to alveolar and vascular epithelial cells damage impelling the formation of minimal thrombus, increasing pulmonary venous pressure and vascular permeability and leading to massive loss of tissue fluid. N. Engl. 50 (4), 113. J. Biol. Open Forum Infect. doi:10.3109/08923973.2014.968256, Jiang, Y.-x., Dai, Z.-l., Zhang, X.-p., Zhao, W., Huang, Q., and Gao, L.-k. (2015). TRPV4, expressed in alveolar type I, type II cells and alveolar capillary endothelial cells, has been considered as a crucial regulator of alveolo-capillary barrier integrity (Alvarez et al., 2006; Yin et al., 2008; Goldenberg et al., 2015; Yin et al., 2016). Rev. Epub 2022 Oct 17. Serum sodium shows a decrease trend in CODIV-19 development (Krolicka et al., 2020). The spike (S) protein of coronavirus, one of the surface glycoproteins, is divided into two functional units, S1 and S2. (2002). SARS-CoV-2 may act in a similar way. Calcium Antagonists and Their Mode of Action: an Historical Overview. Negative-feedback Loop Attenuates Hydrostatic Lung Edema via a cGMP-dependent Regulation of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4. Mil. Dis. (2020b). The University of Connecticut Foundation, Inc. Office of Development and Alumni Relations 10 Talcott Notch Road Suite 100 Farmington, CT 06032 doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6775, Rogosnitzky, M., Okediji, P., and Koman, I. In COVID-19 patients, pulmonary edema is diagnosed by lung ultrasound and a computerized tomography (CT) scan (Udugama et al., 2020). Proteoglycan Involvement during Development of Lesional Pulmonary Edema. doi:10.1126/science.abb2762, Yang, G., Tan, Z., Zhou, L., Yang, M., Peng, L., Liu, J., et al. Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Covid-19. 1480 (1), 73103. Sci. Here, we provide a perspective on abnormal lung humoral metabolism of pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients, review the mechanisms by which pulmonary edema may be induced in COVID-19 patients, and propose putative drug targets that may be of use in treating COVID-19. Perplexingly, among the currently pursued therapeutic strategies against COVID-19, none is designed to directly protect the alveolo-capillary barrier. Lung Injury in COVID-19 Has Pulmonary Edema as an Important Component and Treatment with Furosemide and Negative Fluid Balance (NEGBAL) Decreases Mortality. Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): a Review. COVID19 Diagnosis and Management: a Comprehensive Review. Ther. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.168724, Yin, J., Michalick, L., Tang, C., Tabuchi, A., Goldenberg, N., Dan, Q., et al. Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical Improvement in Patients with Severe and Life-Threatening COVID-19. Physiol. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. eCollection 2021. doi:10.1530/EJE-20-0338, Clapham, D. E., Runnels, L. W., and Strbing, C. (2001). Clin. 275(3), L631L635. As of Sunday, at least 16,183 people had filed complaints with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that they'd developed tinnitus, or ringing in their ears, after receiving a Covid vaccine. 10.1007/s42399-020-00610-8 Zhou et al. (2020). doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320953, Zhang, J.-L., Zhuo, X.-J., Lin, J., Luo, L.-C., Ying, W.-Y., Xie, X., et al. (2020). Sci. MeSH Existing drugs and inhibitors targeting the components of humoral metabolism may serve as potential treatments for COVID-19 and should be further investigated. 276 (22), 1865718664. J. Physiol. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Mechanism of BK inducing pulmonary edema and potential drugs. FIGURE 1. Pharmaceuticals 13 (9), 259. doi:10.3390/ph13090259, Ren, J.-l., Zhang, A.-H., and Wang, X.-J. Researches proved that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) as well as an engineered heart tissue (EHT), in cellular and organ level respectively, suggesting that the virus can replicate rapidly in the cardiomyocytes, infecting other cardiomyocytes, contributing to cardiomyocyte cell death, myocardial inflammation and even heart failure (Sharma et al., 2020; Bailey et al., 2021). Pulmonary capillary leak syndrome following COVID-19 virus infection. doi:10.1126/science.abb2507, Xu, X., Chen, P., Wang, J., Feng, J., Zhou, H., Li, X., et al. Combination Therapy with Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Modulators Augment the Airway Functional Microanatomy. J. Pharmacol. doi:10.1007/s11596-015-1490-6, Jovanovi, S., Crawford, R. M., Ranki, H. J., and Jovanovi, A. Physiol. 97 (5), 543554. J. Med. (2020e). J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Several cases of vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia from a similar viral vector vaccine (Oxford-AstraZeneca [ChAdOx1 nCoV-19]) have been reported. Lancet Respir. (2016). doi:10.1165/ajrcmb.20.5.3382, Pascarella, G., Strumia, A., Piliego, C., Bruno, F., Del Buono, R., Costa, F., et al. 63 (3), 457460. Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): a Review. 1, 2 More recently, six cases of. Transl. Chem. China Life Sci. doi:10.1007/s00018-007-6228-6, Itani, O. Resolvin D1 Stimulates Alveolar Fluid Clearance through Alveolar Epithelial Sodium Channel, Na,K-ATPase via ALX/cAMP/PI3K Pathway in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury. These in turn, lead to severe lung damage in COVID-19 patients. Overall, the decreased expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase, misregulation of sodium, potassium, AQP, and RAS channels and abnormal metabolism of BK and HA can all lead to lung liquid clearance failure and pulmonary edema, resulting in severe lung damage and ARDS in COVID-19 patients (Figure 6 The general regulation approaches of AFC). doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000125623.56442.20, Nayler, W., and Dillon, J. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa105/5811022, Minakata, Y., Suzuki, S., Grygorczyk, C., Dagenais, A., and Berthiaume, Y. Most side effects are mild and normally last only a day or two. Potentially, glucocorticoids can be used as anti-inflammatory drugs in ARDS and pulmonary edema as well as in COVID-19 patients. It's normal to experience side effects after a vaccine. doi:10.1002/jcp.29758, Zhang, W., Xia, X., Reisenauer, M. R., Rieg, T., Lang, F., Kuhl, D., et al. Int. 10.1111/nyas.14472 Besides chemical drugs and compounds we discussed above, natural compounds and TCMs also possess promising antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 and had notably contribution in curing COVID-19, especially in alleviating pulmonary edema and preventing the disease development from mild to severe. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Physiol. SN Compr. Perplexingly, successful balance of lung humoral metabolism may lead to the reduction of the number of COVID-19 death limiting the possibility of healthcare services with insufficient capacity to provide ventilator-assisted respiration. (2020b). J. Biol. 171 (10), 24742507. 288 (2), 192206. 97 (18), 1028210287. Protein Chem. -, Adil M. S., Narayanan S. P., Somanath P. R. (2020). 2 (6), 387396.doi:10.1038/35077544, Connors, J. M., and Levy, J. H. (2020). The available adenoviral vaccines appear to stimulate autoantibodies to platelet factor 4 (PF4), which . Fedratinib, an FDA approved JAK2 inhibitor, may be used to reduce the mortality associated with hyperinflammation by suppressing the production of several Th17 cytokines (i.e., IL1b and TNF-alpha, IL21, IL22, IL17) and the formation of pulmonary edema in combination with anti-viral drugs (Yang et al., 2020e). (2020). In COVID-19, lung manifestations present as a slowly evolving pneumonia with insidious early onset interstitial pulmonary edema that undergoes acute exacerbation in the late stages and microvascular thrombosis. Recombinant ACE2 was also reported to be a potential therapy in the clinical study of ARDS, which can lead to rapid decrease of plasma Ang II level and IL-6 expression. Patients with SARS-CoV-2-Induced Viral Sepsis Simultaneously Show Immune Activation, Impaired Immune Function and a Procoagulatory Disease State. A., et al. Supportive cares for COVID-19 include respiratory support and circulatory support. Pflugers Arch. Oxygen flows through a face mask or a flexible plastic tube with two openings (nasal cannula) that deliver oxygen to each nostril. The general regulation approaches of AFC. Res. Pharmacol. Impact of -adrenergic Agonist on Na+ Channel and Na+-K+-ATPase Expression in Alveolar Type II Cells. J. Intern. Res. J. Physiol. Am. Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Italy. As the infection progresses, the immune function is impaired, causing damage to multiple organs, additional complications, and eventually death (Yang et al., 2020). Am. Pharmacol. Second, autopsy results showed no evidence of acute infection or cardiovascular disease in the internal organs. Further studies may determine if CD44 inhibitors can be of use to in COVID-19. (Engl) 133 (9), 10511056. 2021 Jun 7;12:664349. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.664349. 19 (5), 305306. However, further researches into the mode of action, efficacy and safety of these drugs are required. However, preliminary reports showed that some ACE inhibitors and ARBs have no significant clinical benefits in treating COVID-19 (Richardson et al., 2020), while others showed protective effects among patients with pre-existing hypertension (Yang et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020). Thus, PGs play a key role in the formation of pulmonary edema. Biochem. J. Med. Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. (2014). (2012). Pediatr. 2020 Mar 23:3558887. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3558887. 54 (3), 678811. Thromb. *Correspondence: Hongyue Ma, hongyuema@njutcm.edu.cn; Edyta Marcon, edyta.marcon@utoronto.ca; Jing Zhou, zhoujing_nj@126.com, Abnormal Lung Humoral Metabolism in COVID-19, Conventional Treatment of Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients, Putative Drug Targets for Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients, Natural Compounds and Traditional Chinese Medicines for the Treatment of Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.664349, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.664349/full#supplementary-material, http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202003/46c9294a7dfe4cef80dc7f5912eb1989.shtml. doi:10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5, Thorneloe, K. S., Cheung, M., Bao, W., Alsaid, H., Lenhard, S., Jian, M.-Y., et al. Dexmedetomidine Alleviates Pulmonary Edema by Upregulating AQP1 and AQP5 Expression in Rats with Acute Lung Injury Induced by Lipopolysaccharide. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000797, Ferner, R. E., and Aronson, J. K. (2020). However, palpable lymphadenopathy commonly involving the axilla as an immune response to vaccination may present a clinical diagnostic dilemma especially in persons with . eCollection 2021. IFN will continually induce inflammatory cytokines released by alveolar macrophages, promoting the activation of T cells and forming a positive feedback loop that drives persistent alveolar inflammation (Grant et al., 2021). 388 (4), 421436. This should ease some symptoms. Mol. doi:10.1152/physrev.1974.54.3.678, Steinritz, D., Stenger, B., Dietrich, A., Gudermann, T., and Popp, T. (2018). (2018). Inhibiting these TRPs may benefit the treatment of pulmonary edema. medRxiv. 157, 104882. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104882, Zhang, H., and Baker, A. Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes Are Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Physiol. COVID-19 patients often have pathological features such as pulmonary interstitial or alveolar edema, diffuse tracheal phlegm thrombus and pulmonary inflammatory lymphoid infiltration, and are prone to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), causing lung injury (Cutts et al., 2017). Hemost. 532 (1), 4. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03640-2, Heald-Sargent, T., and Gallagher, T. (2012).
How To Calculate Indirect Cost Rate For Federal Grants,
How Did The Armadillo In Rango Survive,
Articles P