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In this context, many studies have demonstrated that cellular interactions of polymer-based nanomaterials are highly influenced by their surface chemistry [120,121,122]. Clearly, carbon-based nanomaterials have led to the improvement in cancer therapy due to their unique properties. Adv. The in vitro magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the enhanced binding and accumulation of iron oxide nanoparticles in PC-3 cells, when compared with normal prostate epithelial cells. government site. It is recommended that additional studies must be carried out to address the toxicity concerns, since the metal-based nanoparticles are easy to tune with the required properties for efficient loading of drugs and their potential may be excessively high in the field of biology and medicine. 128(46), 1479214793 (2006), Z. Liu et al., Supramolecular chemistry on water-soluble carbon nanotubes for drug loading and delivery. Additionally, a newer generation of liposomes are emerging, focusing on redox sensitive liposomes, magnetic liposomes, enzyme sensitive liposomes and multifunctional smart liposomes [242,243,244,245]. Mater. Recently, Peng et al. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies ACS Nano 3(2), 307316 (2009), S.R. Drug Deliv. 527, 141150 (2018), L. Pascual et al., MUC1 aptamer-capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery and radio-imaging applications. Intervention of nanotechnology has revolutionized the therapy of lung cancer upto a great extent by overcoming the current constraints in conventional therapies. Biomaterials 32(13), 34353446 (2011), O. Harush-Frenkel et al., Targeting of nanoparticles to the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. 11(8), 20712082 (2015), K. Hayashi et al., Magnetically responsive smart nanoparticles for cancer treatment with a combination of magnetic hyperthermia and remote-control drug release. Such clinical trials are projected to intensify the use of polymeric drug delivery systems in the near future. Active targeting can be achieved using specific ligands that bind to the receptors on the tumor cells. J. Photochem. b Prussian blue staining of cells incubated for 4h with different treatments at 20g/mL of iron equivalent dose. Various ligands such as antibodies, proteins, peptides, aptamers and small molecules have been used to target specific cells [268]. 132(3), 10181022 (2010), P. Ghosh et al., Gold nanoparticles in delivery applications. Discusses the limitations of target therapy for some cancer patients. 6(4), 662668 (2006), P. Decuzzi et al., Size and shape effects in the biodistribution of intravascularly injected particles. Daima, Nanomedicine in sensing, delivery, imaging and tissue engineering: advances, opportunities and challenges. Likewise, ztrk et al., developed a PEF modified dendrimer-based drug delivery system targeting Flt-1 (a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF)) receptor to improve the therapeutic efficacy of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. These nanoformulations showed better biocompatibility with low toxicity and inhibited tumor growth to a greater extent than curcumin alone. Cells Nanomed. J. Nanomed. Polymeric nanoparticles are efficient in enhancing therapeutic and diagnostic effects over conventional medicines. 102, 555566 (2018), P. Gupta et al., Synthesis and in vitro studies of PLGA-DTX nanoconjugate as potential drug delivery vehicle for oral cancer. Chem. Wong et al. Insightful results have been obtained in the recent past, when cationic liposomes were developed to target the tumors that accumulated in tumor tissues [114, 115]. Nano Converg. Nanoscale 10(18), 85368546 (2018), N. Singh, A. Sachdev, P. 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Formulations have been approved for the treatment of Kaposis sarcoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, multiple myeloma and metastatic breast cancer including Doxil, Myocet, DaunoXome, DepoCyte, Lipoplatin. Generous support of Japan Science and Technology (JST) Agency, Japan toward Asia Youth Exchange Program in Science (Sakura Exchange Program) is duly accredited by NPN and HKD. Most types of radiation used for cancer treatment utilize X-rays, gamma rays, and charged particles. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Drug Deliv. 30, 144154 (2016), M. Jin et al., Smart polymeric nanoparticles with pH-responsive and PEG-detachable properties for co-delivering paclitaxel and survivin siRNA to enhance antitumor outcomes. Sci. Int. This concentration difference on the cell surface is the basis for studies targeting cancer cells overexpressing EGFR [51, 52]. Colloids Surf. 69(17), 6932 (2009), J. 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Chemical affinity for active targeting is based on different specific molecular interactions such as receptorligand-based interactions, charge-based interactions and facilitated motif-based interactions with substrate molecules [41, 42]. Stimuli responsive dendrimers enhance therapeutic efficiency and diminish the side effects. 18(39), 1221812221 (2012), S.-F. Lee et al., Ultrasound, pH, and magnetically responsive crown-ether-coated core/shell nanoparticles as drug encapsulation and release systems. 2006 May;6(3):307-18. doi: 10.1586/14737159.6.3.307. By using nanotechnology, nanomaterials have been developed and evaluated for cancer diagnostics. Interfaces 8(42), 2846828479 (2016), Y. Wang et al., An overview of nanotoxicity and nanomedicine research: principles, progress and implications for cancer therapy. Int. Redox activated polymeric nanoparticles in tumor therapy (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2017). Nanoparticles are classified into several main categories. Persistent insoluble particles in in the environment can have far bigger negative effects than those revealed by human health assessments. In the study, three different targeted nanoparticles and one non-targeted nanoparticle were used to study the uptake and distribution of iron oxide nanoparticles in the PANC02 mouse pancreatic cancer cell line. Rev. B Biol. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Am. 108, 24262431 (2011), L.K. by V. Kumar, N. Dasgupta, S. Ranjan (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2018), pp. B Biointerfaces 111, 117123 (2013), S. Aryal, C.-M.J. Hu, L. Zhang, Polymercisplatin conjugate nanoparticles for acid-responsive drug delivery. Miranda et al., Array-based sensing of proteins using conjugated polymers. Careers. and transmitted securely. Son, B.-J. 71(3), 14051414 (2015), Q. Pan et al., Lactobionic acid and carboxymethyl chitosan functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposites as targeted anticancer drug delivery systems. Hobbs et al., Regulation of transport pathways in tumor vessels: role of tumor type and microenvironment. A wide range of materials have been used to develop nanocarriers. J. Accessibility J. Nanomed. It could also highlight a tumor's parameters and margins to enhance the precision of diagnostics. However, their use is often limited due to the accumulation of metal in the body after drug administration causing toxicity. Biomater. 107, 11501158 (2019), W. Zheng et al., Encapsulation of verapamil and doxorubicin by MPEG-PLA to reverse drug resistance in ovarian cancer. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that resveratrol conjugated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles had two-fold lower IC50 and IC90 values in comparison to only resveratrol [253]. Mock et al., Evidence for distinct mechanisms of uptake and antitumor activity of secretory phospholipase A2 responsive liposome in prostate cancer. Current mainstay treatment of cancer includes surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, among which chemotherapy has been widely performed in clinic because of its simple and convenient process [1,2].However, there are still some significant limitations in cancer treatment using chemotherapy only. Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and morbidity with a complex pathophysiology. have fabricated and characterized such dual ligandreceptor nanosystems using gold (Au) nanoparticles. It is well-known that the activity of the anticancer drugs is greatly attenuated by the time drug reaches the target, which can render the treatment to be ineffective and increase off-target effects. Sensors (Basel). Later liposomes were PEGylated (PLS) by a PEG-lipid post-insertion technique followed by covalent coupling with lactoferrin (Lf) to the surface of liposomes as illustrated in Fig. 528(1), 485497 (2017), T. Lv et al., Role of generation on folic acid-modified poly(amidoamine) dendrimers for targeted delivery of baicalin to cancer cells. Sokol et al., Development of novel PLGA nanoparticles with co-encapsulation of docetaxel and abiraterone acetate for a highly efficient delivery into tumor cells. The noble metal nanostructures, particularly Au nanoparticles, are widely used for delivering drugs [140,141,142]. Nanomaterials 8(4), 193 (2018), X. Liu et al., Targeted delivery of SNX-2112 by polysaccharide-modified graphene oxide nanocomposites for treatment of lung cancer. Ther. Med. 108, 565573 (2018), A.M. Nassir et al., Resveratrol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles mediated programmed cell death in prostate cancer cells. There are different classes of liposomes used as drug delivery platforms for enhancing the efficacy of cancer therapeutics [232]. 7(7), 1701143 (2017), Y. Wen, J.K. Oh, Intracellular delivery cellulose-based bionanogels with dual temperature/pH-response for cancer therapy. Nanomedicine 5(8), 11411145 (2010), D.R. The above discussion signifies the importance of liposomes in drug delivery systems for the treatment of cancer. J. Pharm. In addition to the above discussion, there are tools that are currently available to shield nanomaterials for targeting cancer cells. Nagraju, H.K. Chu, Cetuximab-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles for cancer imaging and therapy. Sci. The challenge of bench-to-bedside translation of dendrimers, however, remains a significant challenge. [48] synthesized insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and conjugated it to magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) having the anthracycline doxorubicin as therapeutic payload. The drug loading capacity of hybrid material was in the order of camptothecin>protoporphyrin IX>doxorubicin, and displayed enhanced cytotoxicity [211]. Recently, a theranostic nanoparticle to enhance intra-tumoral drug delivery by overcoming drug resistance and providing image-guided drug delivery by reducing the systemic toxicity was developed using iron oxide nanoparticles. Pattni, V.V. J. Pharm. The large-scale production of nanoformulations, however, is quite challenging as their physicochemical properties may vary from batch to batch. Liu et al. 29(5), 65 (2018), W. Cheng et al., A drug-self-gated and tumor microenvironment-responsive mesoporous silica vehicle: four-in-one versatile nanomedicine for targeted multidrug-resistant cancer therapy. Pharm. Eur. Liposomes can be conjugated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), targeting ligands and/or antibodies, polysaccharides on the external surface to enhance solubility, to increase the hydrophilicity and to provide passive and active targeting functions, in due course attaining high drug efficiency with low toxicity [233]. Release 200, 138157 (2015), C.K. C 70, 763771 (2017), S. Bano et al., Smart nickel oxide based coreshell nanoparticles for combined chemo and photodynamic cancer therapy. Nanoscale 10(28), 1367313683 (2018), S. Singh, Liposome encapsulation of doxorubicin and celecoxib in combination inhibits progression of human skin cancer cells. However, limitations such as lack of specificity, cytotoxicity, and multi-drug resistance pose a substantial challenge for favorable cancer treatment. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. CA Cancer J Clin. They employed EGFR and folate receptor (FR) overexpressed in ovarian cancer as target surface molecules, and used monoclonal antibodies against these receptors as dual ligands for Au nanoparticle targeting. Correspondingly, these vehicles offer several other advantages including biocompatibility, self-assembly, and high drug cargo loading [231]. 122, 311330 (2018), H.K. Neurobiol. Current nanotechnology-based treatments such as Abraxane and Doxil do cause side effects like weight loss, nausea, and diarrhea. The combination of chemotherapy with photothermal therapy has proved to be efficient when magnetic graphene oxide modified with PEG and cetuximab was used against CT-26 murine colorectal cells [214]. At this stage, it can be envisioned that improvement in materials is possible for nextgeneration nanomedicine through smart design, andnew developments can provide better cancer managment strategies. Drug Deliv. Brown et al., Gold nanoparticles for the improved anticancer drug delivery of the active component of oxaliplatin. 2020 Dec 15;591:119986. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119986. 12(4), 11931202 (2015), S. Zhai et al., Visible light-induced crosslinking and physiological stabilization of diselenide-rich nanoparticles for redox-responsive drug release and combination chemotherapy. Eur. Apart from lung damage, some other side effects of nanoparticles have also been noted. Moreover, due to the poor lymphatic function, the nanoparticles are not rapidly cleared and accumulate in the tumor interstitium [30]. Biomaterials 35(18), 49864995 (2014), L. Guo et al., Prostate cancer targeted multifunctionalized graphene oxide for magnetic resonance imaging and drug delivery. Due to the advancements in nanomedicine, several nanoparticle formulations have been developed for co-deliveryof cancer chemotherapeutics [270, 271]. The surface chemistry of Au nanoparticles and their use in cancer treatment have been extensively studied [125, 126]. Tailor-made nanomaterials functionalized with specific ligands can target cancer cells in a predictable manner and deliver encapsulated payloads effectively. Standish, J.C. Watkins, Diffusion of univalent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids. Soc. Ghaffari et al., Functionalization of ZnO nanoparticles by 3-mercaptopropionic acid for aqueous curcumin delivery: synthesis, characterization, and anticancer assessment. e In vitro cytotoxicity of unconjugated and conjugated doxorubicin in MIA PaCa-2 cells. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. These antitumor studies revealed that modified liposomes had lower systemic toxicity and prolonged the survival time of the treated mice by suppressing the tumor growth more strongly [234]. Polymers (Basel). As an example, drug-coated nanoparticles completely inhibited lung tumor in mice, leading to enhanced survival rate and reduced adverse effect when compared to the free drug [123]. This specificity is dictated mostly by the interactions presented during the biodistribution process. However, some cons have also been noticed due to which the use of nanotechnology at a larger scale is not being encouraged. Mater. 13, 34673480 (2018), J. Guo et al., Aptamer-functionalized PEGPLGA nanoparticles for enhanced anti-glioma drug delivery. Ahnen, Targeting EGFR in colorectal cancer. B Biointerfaces 170, 718728 (2018), A. Jhaveri et al., Transferrin-targeted, resveratrol-loaded liposomes for the treatment of glioblastoma. In passive targeting, the nanocarriers pass through the leaky walls and accumulate at the tumor site by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. J. Photochem. 24, 86248631 (2018), D.C. Manatunga et al., Effective delivery of hydrophobic drugs to breast and liver cancer cells using a hybrid inorganic nanocarrier: a detailed investigation using cytotoxicity assays, fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry. Mater. 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Furthermore, Au nanoparticles coated with Pc4, a fluorescent photodynamic therapy (PDT) drug have been developed by functionalizing prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA-1) ligand to actively target the disease biomarkers to increase tumor residence time, and internalization by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Wherein, the material display higher cytotoxicity against human liver cancer cells HepG2, and revealed to have improved bioavailability at the site [140]. Cell Biochem. Advanced targeted therapies in cancer: Drug nanocarriers, the future of chemotherapy. A multi-functional graphene oxide based drug delivery system could target cancerous tissues, and exhibit antitumor effect with no systemic toxicity in B16 tumor-bearing mice [212]. The use of a nanoparticles for medicine was first described in 1965, with liposomes as the first ones to be used [229]. The most effective approach of delivering anticancer drugs is by conjugation of ligands that specifically recognize and binds to the receptors on the tumor cells. Palazzolo S, Bayda S, Hadla M, Caligiuri I, Corona G, Toffoli G, Rizzolio F. Curr Med Chem. All these strategies can reduce the systemic toxicity at the tumor sites by ensuring that healthy cells are not affected. Chauhan, R.K. Jain, Strategies for advancing cancer nanomedicine. Commun. Release 141(3), 320327 (2010), X. Huang et al., The effect of the shape of mesoporous silica nanoparticles on cellular uptake and cell function. Sun et al., Temperature-sensitive gold nanoparticle-coated pluronic-PLL nanoparticles for drug delivery and chemo-photothermal therapy. Nanotechnology can stop diseases internally, and even slow down aging process. A clear understanding of these factors will provide important synthesis strategies for targeted nanoparticles therapyactive or passive targeting alike. In addition to the size of the nanomaterials, the shape of the nanomaterials is equally important in drug delivery. Bioconjug. Mater. Mater. Traditional cancer therapies include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Active targeting, also known as the ligand-mediated targeted approach, involves affinity based recognition, retention and facilitated uptake by the targeted cells (Fig. The data present in the literature suggest that nanotechnology will provide next-generation platforms for cancer management and anticancer therapy. Classification of NP synthesis a top-down and b bottom-up approaches, Pictorial representation of active cellular, Pictorial representation of active cellular targeting, Various types of nanomaterials used in cancer therapy, Diagrammatic representation of NPs in cryosurgery, MeSH Biomacromolecules 14(8), 26012610 (2013), A. Jose et al., Temperature-sensitive liposomes for co-delivery of tamoxifen and imatinib for synergistic breast cancer treatment. Res. 91, 251255 (2016), S. Kumar et al., PEG coated and doxorubicin loaded multimodal Gadolinium oxide nanoparticles for simultaneous drug delivery and imaging applications. Acad. Lee, C.-W. Cho, Mechanisms of drug release from advanced drug formulations such as polymeric-based drug-delivery systems and lipid nanoparticles. 12, 69736984 (2017), N. Gao et al., Tumor penetrating theranostic nanoparticles for enhancement of targeted and image-guided drug delivery into peritoneal tumors following intraperitoneal delivery. Int. Docetaxel-loaded galactosamine combined with polydopamine-modified nanoparticles synthesized from d-a-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-poly(lactide) (Gal-pD-TPGS-PLA/NPs) were found to inhibit the growth of HepG2 cells more effectively than TPGS-PLA/NPs, pD-TPGS-PLA/NPs, and a clinically available docetaxel formulation (Taxotere). We further elaborate on the topical progress made to date toward nanomaterial engineering for cancer therapy, including current strategies for drug targeting and release for efficient cancer administration. have proposed a multi-factorial nanosystem that changes size upon reaching different locations of the tumor sites. 24(48), 64336437 (2012), P. Shi et al., pH-responsive NIR enhanced drug release from gold nanocages possesses high potency against cancer cells. 9. B Biointerfaces 125, 6572 (2015), Y. Xia et al., pH sensitive liposomes delivering tariquidar and doxorubicin to overcome multidrug resistance of resistant ovarian cancer cells. Careers. Natl. Nanotechnology improves cancer detection and, Nanotechnology improves cancer detection and diagnosis, Schematic illustration of nanotechnology applications, Schematic illustration of nanotechnology applications in cancer diagnosis, MeSH
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